All of the Other Ways of Knowing Are Controlled by...

Language is such a universal phenomenon in human society. Whenever we write or speak, we use it; whenever we make a promise or ask a question, we use it. In the statement  ¡Ã‚ §All of the other ways of knowing are controlled by language ¡Ã‚ ¨, language is defined as  ¡Ã‚ §words ¡Ã‚ ¨ and this  ¡Ã‚ §control ¡Ã‚ ¨ can be defined as  ¡Ã‚ §dominate ¡Ã‚ ¨. Then this saying seems not so fair to represent the relationship between the four ways of knowing. It is more sensible to say language gives some support or limit to our reason ¡Aperception and emotion. It may influence them, but not only one way  ¡V the four ways of knowing interact with each other. The function of language is particularly relevant in reason. We should believe our application of reason is within our mind†¦show more content†¦However, once people notice that language gives some misunderstandings sometimes, language will be less powerful to affect our perception. Emotion, in the strict sense, looks like the way of knowing that is least dependent of language. Language suffers due to its relative inability to adequately represent emotion. For all of us it is very hard to verbalize our emotions exactly. I love my mother so much, but what is love? I respect her, feel happy when talking to her, and I want to take care of her one day like she always does for me now. However, it is not enough and detailed to express love. Even if in poems that are more expert in language, it is lacking of sensible words in presenting our subtle emotions. It can be argued that people will hold different emotions while thinking the same thing in different languages. The reason is when we think in a certain language, we will directly think about the literature and phrases in this language which could favor certain thinking patterns of our cultural background, then easily lead to different emotions and perceptions. Thus, language may influence our emotion in some manner. Actually, language and emotion interact with each other. Consider the lecture given by Martin Luther King (1963):  ¡Ã‚ §I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low; the tough places will be made plain ¡K ¡Ã‚ ¨ In this lecture, the orator repeated the phrase  ¡Ã‚ §I have a dream ¡Ã‚ ¨Show MoreRelatedâ€Å"All of the Other Ways of Knowing Are Controlled by Language.† What Does This Statement Mean and Do You Think It Is a Fair Representation of the Relationship Between Perception, Emotion, Reason and Language?1449 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage is an important method of transmitting knowledge – it is the primary mode of communication, which is used in order to give or receive knowledge. For the purpose of this essay, language will be defined as an agreed method of communication that is either spoken or written, or intentionally transmitted through body language. The word â€Å"control†, in the state ment above will be treated in the sense of â€Å"to regulate† or â€Å"to govern†. The statement means that perception, emotion and reason cannotRead MoreWorkplace Mediation36362 Words   |  146 PagesUnit 1 AO1 Describe the causes and effects of workplace conflicts Conflict is an inevitable and is part of business life, where there are people there will always be conflict, not all conflict is negative. Some workplace conflict s healthy and if viewed positively, however where unhealthy conflict is present it has a potential risk to cause the company serious problems Workplace conflict can be in many forms from serious flare-ups to less obvious, but less destructive forms of negativity. WorkplaceRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†Read MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesFILM LANGUAGE FILM LANGUAGE A Semiotics of the Cinema Christian Metz Translated by Michael Taylor The University of Chicago Press Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. 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Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy – the Reversed Ideals. 20 22 5. Emma 23 5.1. Emma the heroine. 23 5.2. Men of sense and silly wives 26 5.3. Emma as the unusual learning. 28 Conclusions 30 Bibliography:

Art with Science The Italian Renaissance and Art

â€Å"No painter can paint well without a thorough knowledge of geometry† (qtd. in Butterfield 27). The Italian Renaissance is famous for its art which includes unique style of painting and sculpting, however, the Renaissance made significant remark on the use of scientific techniques which also can be considered as the influence of classical ideas. Although, classical ideas were not advanced like in the Renaissance, it provided the foundation for the Renaissance to revive it again. The Italian Renaissance transformed the manner of viewing the arts. Before, most people in Italy were bounded by religious thoughts and beliefs. Renaissance helped people to shift their mind and behavior towards the secular ideas, instead of vague ideology like†¦show more content†¦They began to paint and sculpt human bodies which needed specific techniques of scaling and math. Historian William J. Connell, La Motta Chair in Seton Hall University, describes the common artistic features bet ween Classical age and Renaissance. He explains, â€Å"Freestanding, larger-than-life-size statues of human beings were sculpted for the first time since antiquity† (3). During the Classical age, huge statues of human could be found in the history in which scientific ideas were required to design and to sculpt it appropriately. Artists of Renaissance revived the way of sculpting as well as painting of Greek and Roman culture where they used techniques from math as well as science. The influence of classical culture transformed the art and the way of making it by using scientific knowledge of drawing and sculpting, and provided it a sense human importance on the artistic works. Humanism became the dominant ideology in the Renaissance where artists looked on themselves. They started illustrate human emotions through their paintings and sculptures. They emphasized on human feelings and made many statues which portrayed anger, love, hate, etc. Goldstein, a professor in art history, describes about the secular ideas of humanism. Several artists wrote about humanism which includes broad moral ideas as well as visual art (641). Humanism helped people to realize the moral values and its use in art People happened to think about morality whichShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of Gothic And Romanesque Art1569 Words   |  7 PagesAt the turn of the 14th century, Italian thinkers desired to rewrite society as they saw and dreaded the pain and hate brought onto humanity by Medieval times. Humanists returned to the teachings of the ancient greats to rewrite European civilizations. The Middle Ages were times of chaos and lack of admiration for beauty. Artists of tha t time were confined in strict rules forced onto them by the clergy or by laic rulers as rival sovereigns waged war upon war for their own glory. The lateRead MoreRenaissance Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance was an era of change in human thought. It was characterized by a new philosophy, which included the rise of humanism, individualism, and secularism. Writers and artists began to focus on the individual man and his potential. The Renaissance movement began in the Italian city-states, especially Florence, and spread northward toward the rest of Europe. The Renaissance was the rebirth of new ideas in all aspects of life such as: science, technology, classical art, and education. Read MoreAn Instrument For The Discovery Of Truth1301 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscoursing about the Italian Renaissance man. Burckhardt disputes about the Italian Renaissance not producing an Italian Shakespeare. He proclaims that Shakespeare is the exception and then, he faults the Spaniards and the Church for not being able to produce an Italian Shakespeare. 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Leonardo da Vinci virtually changed the worl d and the Italian Renaissance by greatly influencing it with his freshRead MoreCompare and Contrast Italian Renaissance Painting and Sculpture to the Northern Renaissance Painting and Sculpture1731 Words   |  7 PagesBefore you can compare and contrast the art of the Italian Renaissance to the artworks of the Renaissance in the North, you have to understand the roots of the Renaissance. Renaissance has a special meaning, referring to a period of the grand florescence of the arts in Italy during the 14th century and progressed and migrated, in the 15th and 16th centuries, to Northern Europe. The Renaissance was stimulated by the revival of the classical art forms of ancient Greece and Rome. The â€Å"re-birth of knowledgeRead MoreRenaissance And The Italian Renaissance1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe Italian Renaissance had two distinct periods during its lifetime. 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The Renaissance was a revival or a rebirth of cultural awareness and learning among art, law, language, literature, philosophy, science, and mathematics. This period took place between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Renaissance in Italy flourished in the 15th century andRead MoreThe Renaissance And The Medieval Period1658 Words   |  7 Pages1. What is new about the Renaissance, compared to the medieval period that we studied in the last unit? The word Renaissance means revival or rebirth. This word comes from the European civilizations that follows behind the Middle Ages. It was held to characterize an interest in classical learning and values. The Renaissance dealt with the discovery and exploration of new continents, a decline in the growth of commerce and feudal systems. This new birth of resurrection is considered to have begun

Basics of Information Security

Question: Describe about the The Basics of Information Security? Answer: Introduction There are various types of operating systems available for server or client side computing in any networked environment. Operating system at the server side is more important as the performance of the network depends on it more. Performance of the operating systems available for the server side depends on several factors. Security is an important factor among those. Security features of an operating system can be analyzed for selecting a suitable operating system. Information technology security is an important part of IT industry. One fundamental concept of IT security are unauthorized access. There should be enough measurements to prevent and monitor unauthorized access. An OS needs to have enough features that support this concept of preventing and monitoring unauthorized access and other security implementations. (Ciampa, 2011) Background Operating system security refers to ensuring security to the computing resources of a system. These computing resources are memory, CPU, applications, storage etc. along with data stored in a computer system. Any kind of unauthorized access to these resources may harm the computer system and the data stored into it. Thus, there should be enough protection for these resources. Other than unauthorized access, there may be other security considerations like virus, worms etc. Authentication, passwords etc. are some tools, techniques, procedures used for protecting a computer system from unauthorized access. Operating system is responsible to provide support for these tools and techniques or providing enough implementation of security measurements. (Jaeger, 2008) There are three information security principles, confidentiality, integrity and availability. Any information technology product or service needs to implement these three security principles. Thus server side operating systems also need to implement these features. There are various mechanisms by which the operating systems implement these security features. Authentication, password management, access control etc. are some common tools that are used to ensure the security standards. But different operating systems implement these features in different way. (Fay, 2010) In the research in this project, the different ways of implementation of the security principles in different operating systems will be discussed, compared and thoroughly analyzed. Aim The aim of this project is to discuss about the security implementations available in different server side operating systems and then carrying out a comparative analysis of those findings. Finally, it should recommend some suitable operating system based on the results of the analysis. Completion of this project will provide a detailed study of the security features available in different server side operating systems, comparison among the operating systems based on the available security measurements and implementations. Scope In this section, the in scopes and out scopes of the project have been discussed. In scope The project gives a huge scope of researching on security in operating systems. For successful completion of the project it needs significant amount of research on security in operating systems, comparison among the security features available in the operating systems, finding a suitable operating system for server side. Out scope This project will not develop any new operating system or any new security implantation for any operating system. It will not develop any policy, training materials etc. that will be used for implementing OS security at server side. Assumptions It is assumed that reader of this report is familiar with the terms, terminologies and concepts of network security, operating system etc. Thus, there will be no description of these concepts as a part of the project. There will be theoretical details of the security features, how operating systems are implementing the information security principles etc. are the key of discussions in this project. Thus there is almost no scope of simulating any server side operating systems or compare performance of the operating systems based on simulations or real life experience. If such information will be needed then that will be referenced from some previous works. The project is aimed for technical and non-technical readers both. The basic aim of this project is to provide some idea of the security features of the server side operating systems, how those are implemented etc. so that, while selecting some server side operating system, the user can take decision easily. Constraints The project has some constraints. Technologies are growing is a faster speed. Thus, new technology and updates on the security features of an operating system may be updates very soon. In that case it may make the recommendation from this project not suitable anymore. Other than security there are many other performance measurements for an OS, thus the outcome of this project may not fulfill all requirement of a common customer. There is no scope of any real life implementation of comparison of the performance measurements. The project will be based on theoretical information only. No simulation will be used. So, there are chances that there may be conflicting information or shortage of resources. Project timeline The timeline for the project will describe the activities in the project, how much time is needed for each of these activities etc. The whole lifetime has been broken down into weeks. The total duration for each activities has been counted in days. Deliverables are outcomes from each of the activity. Thus the project timeline shows details of the activities in the project, details of the project deliverables along with duration for each activity. Expected Completion Date Activity Deliverable Duration (Time Required Week 1 Selection of Project Topic Expression of interest on the selected topic. 2 day Week 2 Development of draft project plan. Initial project plan document 3 days Week 3 Development of final project plan Detailed and complete project plan 5 days Week 4 Carry on research on the selected topic Draft research report 5 days Week 5 Search for resources N/A 3 days Week 6 Outline research report N/A 1 day Week 7 Submit draft report to the supervisor Feedback from the supervisor 3 days Week 8 Modify the draft research report according to the feedbacks. Modified research report 4 days Week 9 Submission of literature review Literature review 4 days Week 10 Meeting with supervisor Feedback 1 day Develop final project report Final project report 5 days Week 11 Prepare for presentation Presentation 2 days Week 12 Submission of Project Project report, presentation 2 days Resources For successful completion of the project, it will require following resources,Computer with Internet ConnectionSoftware like Office Suite, PDF reader etc.Membership to libraryCommunication with the supervisorOptionally, access to different types of server side operating systems. Stakeholders Stakeholders are the people who are involved in the project of will be affected from the outcomes of the project. The details of the stakeholders for this project are, Stakeholder Name Role Responsibilities Project Co-coordinator Will co-ordinate the project by monitoring progress according to the schedule of the project. Project Supervisor Will guide throughout the project development life cycle, will provide feedbacks also. Project Manager Will follow the instructions from project supervisor, manage the project to be completed successfully by utilizing the resources within the available time frame. Project worker Will carry-out the project, conduct research, prepare research report. Readers Will read the report and provide feedbacks. Risk Risks are certain for any project. Thus, this project is not beyond the scopes of risks. Some risks can be avoided if proper mitigation strategy is adopted. But there are residual risks in a project and it is hard to avoid residual risks as those will happen for sure. With proper risk mitigation policy, those can be optimized. The risks and mitigation strategies of those risks, related to this project, have been discussed as, (Hopkin, 2014) Risk Mitigation Strategy Updates of the Operating systems and the security features Focus on up to date information on the operating systems and related technologies. Lack of resources Ensure availability of resources. Schedule slippage Develop schedule with enough flexibility and consider all constraints. Communication gap with the supervisor Build a communication plan and follow up that. Loss of data Keep a backup of data collected from different sources. Quality and reliability of data Always collect data from reliable sources. Plagiarism Dont copy any kind of material. Use of proper citations and references will help to avoid such issues. Scope creep Clearly identify the scopes at the very beginning. Then keep monitoring the changes in scope (if there is any). If it is some significant change then incorporate it into project plan. Justifications Any networking environment use some kind of client server architecture. Servers are important part of any network and the performance of a network depends on the server side operating system. There are various types of operating systems available to be installed on server side, for example Windows Server 2012, LINUX, UNIX etc. there are various types of LINUX and UNIX based operating systems. Each of these operating systems has different sets of features. Windows Server 2012 and other variation of this operating systems comes from Microsoft thus the security features are developed by Microsoft only. On the other hand, LINUX and UNIX based operating systems are open source. Network security is also an important part of any network. One of the biggest concerns of network security is unauthorized access to resources. As resources are accessed from servers only, so servers and server side operating systems play crucial role in networking also. (Jaeger, 2008) Today, any business is dependent on some kind of network and operating systems. So, server side operating systems are important for any industry. As there are several options available for server side operating systems, so users may get confused to select the most suitable one for their business. With growing numbers of cybercrimes, data theft, unauthorized accesses the issue has become more complex. People are giving stress on security features of server side operating systems. This topic has been selected to give focus on comparison of security features on server side operating systems. As a part of this research, server side operating systems will be studied in details along with the security features. Thus it will help to understand how information security principles are applied and implemented in server side operating systems, how those can be utilized, what are being used in industries, how operating systems have updated the security features etc. (Jaeger, 2008) References Andress, J., 2014 . The Basics of Information Security. s.l.:Syngress. Binder, J. C., 2007. Global Project Management. s.l.:Gower Publishing, Ltd.. Carroll, J., 2012. Effective Project Management in Easy Steps. s.l.:In Easy Steps. Ciampa, M., 2011. Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Fay, J., 2010. Contemporary Security Management. s.l.:Elsevier. Hopkin, P., 2014. Fundamentals of Risk Management. s.l.:Kogan Page Publishers. Jaeger, T., 2008. Operating System Security. s.l.:Morgan Claypool Publishers. Kloppenborg, T., 2011. Contemporary Project Management. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Meredith, J. R. Samuel J. Mantel, J., 2011. Project Management: A Managerial Approach. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. PMBOK, 2013. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. s.l.:Project Management Institute, Incorporated. Roeder, T., 2013. Managing Project Stakeholders. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Schwalbe, K., 2004. Information Technology Project Management. s.l.:Thomson. Shenhar, A. J. Dvir, D., 2013. Reinventing Project Management. s.l.:Harvard Business Press. Young, T. L., 2013. Successful Project Management. s.l.:Kogan Page Publishers.

John SteinbeckS The Chrysanthemums Essays - The Chrysanthemums

John Steinbeck'S ?The Chrysanthemums? Elisa Allen, Confused? Like many short stories, John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums deceives most readers by appearing to be a simple short story. The Chrysanthemums, which only occupies about eight pages in textbooks, captures the emotional pain of a woman trying to live in the 1930s. As critic Stanley Renner wrote, The Chrysanthemums shows a strong capable woman kept from personal, social, and sexual fulfillment by the prevailing conception of a womans role in a world dominated by men (Renner 306). Elisa Allen, the only female in The Chrysanthemums displays her sexual frustrations throughout the short story by slipping in and out of masculine and feminine characteristics. The Chrysanthemums begins by describing Elisas surroundings. The fog covers the valley like a closed pot (Steinbeck 220), which symbolizes Elisas isolation from the world. Because the Allens live away from town, Elisa rarely encounters other people besides her husband, Henry Allen. The work on Henry Allens foothill ranch, (220) as it is described, is scarce, leaving Elisa to work in her garden. Wearing a mans black hat, . . . clod-hopper shoes, and heavy leather gloves, Elisas appearance begins as very masculine (220). This masculine vision of Elisa is the first sign she is sexually frustrated. Elisa continuously glances at her husband, who is speaking with two men, almost adoringly. When first reading this image, the reader may pass it off as useless information, but after studying Elisas character, it is evident Elisa is envious of the male meeting. She asks her husband, curiously who the men were, and he answers her as short as possible. Henry avoids speaking about masculine busin ess with Elisa for too Whitaker 2 long. For instance, when Henry comments about Elisas chrysanthemums, he first uses the word strong which implies masculinity. Elisa then speaks about how she would be good at working in the orchards. Henry apparently feels Elisa has spoken too much about masculine subjects because he resorts back to calling the chrysanthemums simply flowers (221). This first scene between husband and wife sets the tone of the entire story. Elisas gestures and actions change as different words and topics are mentioned to her. She feels unimportant and inferior as a woman and strong enough to be a man. Soon after Henry leaves to finish he work, the tinker is introduced into the story. Here is where Elisas sexuality is tested. Elisas first reaction to the tinker is similar to that of a mans, for she resists giving him work (Marcus 56). She show strong qualities as she tells the tinker she as no work for him. The tinker begins to weaken Elisa, though, and eventually breaks her strong stance by using her pride and joy - her chrysanthemums. The tinker captures the beauty of the chrysanthemums in a poetic, feminine nature. He describes them as a quick puff of colored smoke, which appeals to Elisas feminine side. Suddenly, Elisa begins to unveil her womanliness. She tears off her hat and shakes out her dark pretty hair (Steinbeck 224). By being interested in Elisas feminine flowers, the tinker makes Elisa comfortable with her sexuality. Allowing her feminine nature to appear, Elisa becomes emotional vulnerable during the business transaction involving her chrysanthemums. This is feminine nature because men tend to be unemotional during business related activities (Sweet 213). After the tinker leaves, Elisa finally appears content with her sexuality. As she gets ready for her outing with Henry, Elisa shows complete femininity. She scrubs her Whitaker 3 body until her skin turns red, as if she is rinsing away the masculine way about her. Elisa then dries herself off, and studies her body in the mirror. She has become comfortable with being a woman just by receiving attention from a male who is interested in her life. After studying herself, Elisa applies her makeup and puts on her newest under-clothing. Henry then comes home and they leave to go to town. As the Allens are on their way to town, Elisa spots a dark speck in the road. She knows this speck is her prize chrysanthemums. As they pass the chrysanthemums lying in the road, Elisa cannot bear to look. The tinker appears in the road next. For this situation, Elisa has to

Analysis of political socialization of South Africans Essays

Analysis of political socialization of South Africans Essays Analysis of political socialization of South Africans Paper Analysis of political socialization of South Africans Paper The family lays a central role in socialisation, but it is not the only central influence. Influence by the family on the individual may be changed through interaction with peers. By having peers individuals open themselves to alternative points of view which may have a considerable influence on the individuals attitude. (Manheim, 1982: 78). Over time peer groups may become the dominant socializing force for the individual. (Manheim, 1982: 77) Manheim states that peer-group socialization is politically vital in three ways: it gives the individual social control through which the parents value systems can be challenged this results in social change, secondly it not only motivates the individual to question his value systems , but it also offers the individual with competing models of reality, lastly peer groups can make the broad concept of politics meaningful. (Manheim, 1982: 80) Through the analysis of peer-group social influence it is clear that the colleagues first point is valid, as peer-group interaction influences political socialization way beyond childhood. Interpersonal sources of political socialization are not the only institutional sources also exist. The most important institutional agent is the school. The teacher creates a learning culture to which the student will aspire. (Manheim, 1982:81) Schooling is an instrument for training the student in political roles and civic responsibilities; it is therefore a potent force in the political development of the individual. Schooling is not the only influence. At an elder age students at college can question their dominant values trough the further development of their critical capabilities. (Manheim, 1982:83-84) Beyond education on a tertiary level is the socialization that occurs in the military, labour unions, church groups and political organisations. These organisations show the validity of the colleagues advice in point one. Mass media is also a major agent in political socialization. Mass media provides various forms of politically relevant information to the individual at virtually every stage of the life cycle, encounters with information have a significant impact on the perceptions of political reality that individuals have. Mass media has an influence on individuals as long as media images are seen by the individual. The majority of people are opinion followers who are guided by the opinion leaders. This instrument of socialization occurs mainly beyond the childhood years. (Manheim, 1982: 87-89). In the above analysis of the agents of political socialization an underlying argument was not addressed, this was the contrast between the primacy and recency models. The primacy model states that fundamental attitudes and values are formed early in life and these values remain as the basic foundation on which adults perceive their environment. (Manheim, 1982: 90) The recency model argues that people do not have the cognitive skills required for political activity until their adolescence, therefore the most recent learning that is the most politically relevant. ( Manheim, 1982: 90) The recency model is the equivalent of the advice that the colleague gave, do not focus only on learning amongst children. In conclusion with point one from the colleague, early political learning is more important when dealing with politics as a fact of life, later political learning which is more cognitive is most important when dealing with politics as a part of life. ( Manheim, 1982: 90) Political socialisation is seen as a continuous process, going beyond childhood. (Kavanagh:39) The trickle down approach to learning: The traditional hierarchical top-down trickle effect is based on four assumptions. Assumption one: children acquire civic orientations through modelling and direct attitude control. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:283) Top down believers support the view that children will adopt the same orientations evident in parents. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:283) The belief is based on the fact that children will adapt themselves to the image of their parents characteristics. Assumption two: Political influence flows downward only, from societal institutions to children. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:283) This assumption did not take the reciprocal into account. Assumption three: Adults may be agents in political socialization but are themselves unlikely to change. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:284) This assumption disregards socialization in adulthood, and the changes that occur through marriage and offspring. Assumption four: Socialization to politics should be conceptualized and measured as individual behaviour. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:285) This assumption is limited as measurements can not be limited to the mind of a single person without taken into account shared experiences. Trickle-up Socialization There is a large amount of data that proves the above theory wrong. The data shows that when children and teenagers increase there political involvement parents simultaneously increase their political involvement. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:287) This simultaneous movement is the result of information seeking, opinion formation and concept-orientated communication. The article by McDevitt and Chaffee is conclusive in showing that children do influence parental growth, before during and after discussion with a child. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:289) The table on page 289 clearly shows the influence that a child has on the parent, through behavioural, cognitive and affective activities. The above mentioned article also clarifies political socialization during the family life cycle. This shows the implications that external stimuli have on political communication in the home. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:293)What is clarified in this article is that the chid-parent relationship continuously restructures itself; these changes create social inversions. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:294). The above argument shows that through child initiated discussion parents increase their civic competence, increase their news media use, knowledge gain, and opinion formation. The parents increase in civil competence may be seen as an effort to maintain the leadership role in the family. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:281). Conclusion: In the above it was shown that political socialization is the process by which individuals learn about politics. (Kavanagh: 34) The realisation that political socialisation is the legitimating of inequalities in society and that this occurs in a trickle-down and a trickle-up line of socialisation. Through this light the colleagues advice must be concurred upon. Only with the extensive knowledge given above on the agents of political socialisation could the question be answered. When looking at how South Africans learn about politics it must be stated that the colleague was correct, and with his advice a true understanding of political socialization in South Africa can be attained. Bibliography: Kavanagh, D. 1983. Political Science and Political Behaviour. Nottingham: George Allen and Unwin. Manheim, J. B. 1982. The Politics Within. Longman: s. n. McDevitt, M. and Chaffee, S. 2002. From Top-Down to Trickle-Up Influence: Revisiting Assumptions About the Family in Political Socialization. Colorado: Taylor and Francis. 2 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our University Degree Social Work section.

Effect of I.T on Accounting System in Nigeria Essay Example

Effect of I.T on Accounting System in Nigeria Essay Example Effect of I.T on Accounting System in Nigeria Essay Effect of I.T on Accounting System in Nigeria Essay Effect of I. T on Accounting System in Nigeria 1. 0 Introduction Information Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. Information technology (IT) has created significant benefits for various profession as well as deferent aspect of the world economy. The application of the networks system has shortened the lead time needed by accountants to prepare and present financial information to management and stakeholders. Not only has IT shortened the lead time required to present financial information, but has also improved the overall efficiency and accuracy of the information. Advances in Information Technology (IT) have transformed many firms in professional services industries, but perhaps none as much as those in the public accounting industry. Once a slow-paced and conservative industry, public accounting underwent tremendous changes at the turn of the millennium, sparked largely by the rapid changes in its IT environment (Elliott 2000). Audit software and knowledge-sharing applications are two crucial components of these changes. Automation of audit tasks and use of specialized audit software has substituted IT for labor and changed the structure of audit teams. Equally important is the use of advanced systems to share knowledge bases across different parts of the organization that has enabled professional services firms to leverage their human resources more effectively (Gogan et al. 1995). With rapid advances in IT, numerous articles have appeared in practitioner-oriented accounting journals that discuss how to invest in IT to keep up with the current technology (Smith 1997; Zarowin 1998). The pace of change brought by new technologies has had a significant effect on the way people live, work, and play worldwide. Information technology, while an important area of study in its own right, is having a major impact across all curriculum areas. Easy worldwide communication provides access to a vast array of data, challenging assimilation and assessment skills. In keeping with their complex nature and multiple applications, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) may be viewed in different ways. The World Bank defines ICTs as â€Å"the set of activities which facilitate by electronic means the processing, transmission and display of information† (Rodriguez and Wilson, 2000). ICTs â€Å"refers to technologies people use to share, distribute, gather information and to communicate through computers and computer networks† (ESCAP, 2000). ICTs can be described as a complex varied set of goods, applications and services used for producing, distributing, processing, transforming information- (including) telecoms, TV and radio broadcasting, hardware and software, computer services and electronic media† (Marcelle, 2000). ICTs represent a cluster of associated technologies defined by their functional usage in information access and communication, of which one embodiment is the Internet. Hargittai (1999) defines the Internet technically and functionally as follows: â€Å"the Internet is a worldwide network of computers, but sociologically it is also important to consider it as a network of people using computers that make vast amounts of information available. Accounting as a broad field that involves several subjects and where several theories and modern technological tools are being applied has experienced several changes from such aspects as theories, principles and conventions as well as in the aspect of technology. The modern world also change as a result of several factors such as education, technology etc. The changes in different aspect of the globe are traceable to the invention and application of technology. The extent to which technology affected organizations, the modern society and individuals has attracted considerable attention. The computer installations are widely distributed in universities, government departments and agencies, banks, commercial establishments, and industries. It must be realized that the private sector has, however, risen to a position of dominance in the use of computers. 1. 1Background to the Study History of I. C. T in Nigeria In Nigeria, the ICT space is still a twin with a clearly fast-paced telecommunication sector and growing Information Technology section with respected reports often citing Nigeria’s Telecommunication market as one of the fastest growing globally. The Nigeria telecommunication industry is now over 100 years old. But it was only in 1999 that National Policy on Telecommunication was launched. A national Policy on Information Technology followed in 2001. Along with the establishment of the National Information Technology development Agent under the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology (Data and Sesan 2003). Nigeria is also one the countries in Africa that has benefited from support from the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa in the area of National Information and Communication Infrastructure (NICI) policy. Even though, the discussion on the need to harmonized the various aspect of the nation’s ICT space met with initial skepticism and is only now being discussed at the level of National consultative group that it set to deliver and an ICT for development spurred on by Nigerians’ participation in world summits on the information Society process which helped shed more on the need for Nigeria to benefit from the undeniable convergence that has brought Information Technology. Telecommunication and content together for good. In a bid to establish it seriousness about ICT harmonization, the Federal Government set up a 26 man presidential task force. On the 22nd of August 2006, the task force was saddled with the responsibility of restructuring government institutions and organizations in the Telecommunication and Information Technology sector in Nigeria. It worth of note that till date, the nation’s telecommunication sector has shown leadership in the nation’s overall ICT role. In December 2000, Nigeria had 450,000 connected fixed lines, no connected digital mobile line, one national carrier eight (18) operation Internet service providers, Nine (9) active licensed fixed-line operators, and one licensed mobile operator (Ndukwe 2005). In same period, Nigeria had 200,000 internet users (internet world Statistic, 2005). Even though many expert disagreed with the figures. The reasons for the disagreement is not far from the fact that there always multiple users form the public terminals in the popular cyber cafes that dot the entire landscape, especially in the major cities across the various regions of the country. Private investments in the ICT also rose from an almost zero value to about four billion dollar ($4,000,000,000) between 1999 and 2003 (Ndukwe, 2005). Nigeria’s ICT space has improved significantly from 400,000 line in 1996 to over 14 million lines in 2005 owing to independent regulation through the Nigeria Communication Commission, private sector participation on broadened competition. 1. 2Statement of the Problem Long ago, Accountants in Nigeria carried out there professional duty of recording and reporting financial statement undergo extraordinary task of paper work and filling of documents that is prone to misplacement, time consuming, human error in computation of figures and several other financial datum to mention but just few. The introduction of computer services has created its own problems which rage from the type of installation, the employment of qualified personnel to operate them, the cost of installation and maintenance and cost of software packages etc. The act of manipulating company’s account in order to make the company performance appeals more favourable than it is actually are (window dressing or creative accounting) is in practiced. The Nigeria banking sector has recorded numerous numbers of financial irregularities a problem that the Nation in general still hunt for it solution. This research work therefore intends to investigate how and to what extent has information technology contribute to the numerous financial irregularities reported daily? To what extend has technology shift the application of accounting principle and conventions in terms of manual recording of transactions? Is there any significant difference between the pre-era and the era of technology in accounting as a profession? To what extent has the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, programs, and systems contributed to the growth and development of accounting? 1. 3The Purpose of the Study The main purpose of this research work is to ascertain: i)The effect of the application of Information Technology on accounting profession in Nigeria. ii)The factors influencing changes in accounting system. iii)The likely effect of Information Technology on Accountant roles in the future. 1. Significant of the Study The main purpose of this research work is to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the impact/ effect of Information Technology on Accounting System and Development in Nigeria. The study/ research work will no doubt benefit the following group i)The users of financial statements ii)The professional accountants iii)The undergraduate accounting students iv)Financi al organizations 1. 5 Scope of the study In this work, among other researches that will be included, attention will be mainly on the following areas a)The traditional role of accounting and accountants )Methods of recording transaction c)Presentation and analysis financial information as well as interpretation. d) The importance and relevancies of the technological tools, machines, techniques, programs (software packages) in performing above functions. 1. 6Research Questions (1)To what extent does Information Technology affect the Accounting principles and conventions? (2)To what extent does application of Information Technology contribute to financial crimes reported on daily basis? 3)To what extent does Information Technology contribute to the reliability of accounting productivity? Operational Definition of Terms Computer: A computer can be defined as an electronic machine that can accept data as input, process it, store and produce result as an output or an information. Informat ion Technology: Computer based information management systems allowing a financial institution to collect information from many different sources and develop a composite picture about its customers, its market position in different financial centres, and its net exposure in those markets. Profession: A profession is a vocation founded upon specialized educational training, the purpose of which is to supply disinterested counsel and service to others, for a direct and definite compensation, wholly apart from expectation of other business gain. Accounting: Accounting is the process of recording; classifying, selecting, measuring, interpreting and commutation of financial data of an organization to enable users make assessments and decision. It is a discipline which comprises a set of theories and concepts for processing financial data. Auditing: Auditing is an independent examination and investigation of the books of account and vouchers of a business with a view of enabling the auditors to report whether the balance sheet and profit and loss account are properly drawn up so as to show a true and fair view of the state of affairs and the profit or loss of the business according to the best of the information and explanation obtained by the auditor(s). Automated Teller Machine: Device used by bank customers to process account transactions. Typically, a user inserts into the ATM a special plastic card that is encoded with information on a magnetic strip. The strip contains an identification code that is transmitted to the banks central computer by modem. Internet: a worldwide network of computers. Hardware: are component devices which are typically installed into or peripheral to a computer case to create a personal computer upon which system software is installed including a firmware interface such as a BIOS and an operating system which supports application software that performs the operators desired functions. Softcopy is the unprinted digital document file. This term is often contrasted with hard copy. It can usually be viewed through an appropriate editing program, such as word processing programs, database programs, or presentation software, depending on the file type Input is the term denoting either an entrance or changes which are inserted into a system and which activate/modify a process. Output: Information obtained from computer e. g. line printer, visual display unit (VDU). Effect: The powerful impact that something (computer or non computer) has on another thing, say Accounting profession. Data: This unprocessed fact from which information is processed. Financial Information: The information stating the amount (N) a transaction existing between a fir and its clients or customer at a given period of time. Sources of financial information are invoice, receipt, debit and credit notes, etc. Financial Statement: This statement showing the assets and liabilities and the financial position of a firm at the end of an accounting period. Window Dressing: The act of manipulating company’s account in order to make the company performance appeals more favourable than it is actually are. Reference: L. A. Ogunsola and W. A. Aboyade Information and Communication Technology in Nigeria: Revolution or Evolution,Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria infoplease. com Thomas P. Fitch: Banking Dictionary: Dictionary of Banking Terms, 5th Edition, published by Barrons Educational Series, Inc. Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb: New Statesman, 21 April 1917, article by the UK Competition Commission, dated 8 November 1977, Kaka O. A, Arowolo O. A, Olufowobi, A. J, Longe O. B. (2008): Basic Computer Operations Their Applications, Published by Boskay Computer Services

The Effects of Good Lie in Plato's Republic Essay

The Effects of Good Lie in Plato's Republic - Essay Example The effects of a good lie as demonstrated by Plato were useful to Citizens generally if they did not conflict with the morals and the teaching of gods. In situations where the lies were used by the leaders to protect the citizens from the enemies had a positive impact on the citizens. This lead to the creation of strong relations between the leaders and the people due to the great faith the people had on the leadership. This founded strong ties and great kingdoms. However, bad lies too had implications on the leadership and the whole state. Lost hopes manifested themselves in the county that always prioritized on bad lies. Thus the effects were exhibited depending on the kind of a lie used ( Grube, pg. 56). Political lies are necessary at times if they are constructive and beneficial. A good example by Plato is when the ruler of Athens used a lie to influence the citizens to build a new fleet because he lied that the Island of Aegina was a threat. This fleet was later used for defense against the  Persians.

AMA2.2ETHDB Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AMA2.2ETHDB - Article Example A physician has the responsibility of explaining to the patient the benefits, risks, and alternatives so as to enable the patient to make informed decisions or give informed consent. The nurse has the duty of acting as the patient’s advocate and playing a key role in getting patients consider the consequences or alternatives of refusing or accepting care (Weingart et al 2009). The nurse ought to document all efforts to give the patient the necessary information to decide to accept or refuse care. Documentation, thus, ought to be objective including information such as the date, time, who spoke with the patient, the content of what the information that the patient was given, the comments that the patient made, and the final disposition. Documentation of details such as telephone numbers, names, and referrals made by the nurse should be given to the patient on discharge with a listing or description of any instructions given verbally or preprinted forms (Pennycook et al 2011). P roper documentation would be done in the body of the chart of the patient. Other elements to be documented would be their capacity for decision-making, the decision of the patient, the risks that were revealed, the patient’s understanding of the risks, and the signatures of both the physician and the patient. It is advisable to use a comprehensive AMA form to increase proper documentation. Emergency physicians ought to do an assessment of the AMA form to ensure that it is adequate, and in cases where a patient declines to sign the AMA form, the physician is expected to read it aloud, keep a documentation of refusal to sign including the fact that the patient was made aware of the risks of leaving (Schaefer, 2012). With the prevalence of against medical advice medical discharges and the severe problems that they present, physicians of emergency departments always make attempts to prevent patients from leaving against medical advice, but when it is unavoidable, three requiremen ts are normally expected to be met so that the AMA process can grant optimal legal protection; the patient should be considered to have the capacity to refuse care, a disclosure of all potential risks to the patient, and the against medical advice consent be documented properly in the chart (Brown, 2012). Since the law dictates the patient’s right to refusal of medical care, and since treatment without consent could be considered battery, at the point where a patient signs out AMA, they are exercising this right of refusing medical care. Should it be determined that the patient is incapable of making the decision, then it will be unethical and illegal for the physician to allow a discharge that could lead to imperiling the life and health of the patient. In as much as a patient has the legal right to refuse medical care, the exercising of this right is solely dependent of the patient’s capacity of decision-making. A formal assessment would normally be done on the patie nt to determine their decision-making capacity (Brown, 2012). The ethical obligation of disclosure of all risks associated with the patient’s leaving AMA is a secondary tool and requirement for risk management. It is also worth-noting that the appearance of the patient’s signature on the AMA form does not necessarily give a

International Financial Reporting Standards Essay Example for Free

International Financial Reporting Standards Essay 1. Introduction: With the announced adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for publicly accountable starting 2011 by the Canadian’s Accounting Standards Board (AcSB), issues about the effect on the usefulness of financial statement need serious attention starting on knowing the similarities and differences between Canadian GAAP and IFRS.   Some critics have argued that IFRS will   give up too much reliability in order to achieve relevance, while others have argued that the increased relevance and comparability will promote usefulness of the financial statements.    This paper attempts to address some of these issues as is seeks to analyze the potential effects of Canada Adoption of IFRS by making an opinion as to whether the change will result in more or less decision useful information, thus making securities markets either more or less efficient. 2. Analysis and Discussion 2.1 What is IFRS and its advantages if adopted? IFRS is being promoted by its supporters as a â€Å"single set of globally accepted, high quality accounting standards† (KMPG Canada, 2007), that is adopted by over a hundred countries, including five of the G8 countries (KMPG Canada, 2007).   It appears to have gained the support of a number of countries and with announced adoption in Canada, starting 2011 by AcSB, there is good ground to believed about the benefits of the said set of international accounting standards in Canada compared staying on with the present Canada GAAP.   To cite names of countries, it could be asserted that as early as 2005, publicly listed companies in European Union member countries , Australia, Hong Kong,   and South Africa and have used IFRS (KMPG Canada, 2007).   In the absence of these countries’ plan or indication of returning to where they came from, with more reason and interest it is to know about the improvement from IFRS adoption in the financial statements of Canadian comp anies. Given therefore the similarities of the two standards under Canadian GAAP and IFRS, there is basis to state that Canada has had considerable input and influence in the development of IFRS over the years (KMPG Canada, 2007).   Therefore, Canada’s decision to join the many countries in adopting IFRS carries with it the intention to benefit enterprises in Canada.   That it would provide better access to international capital, funding and investment opportunities should not come as a big surprise.   The realities of samurai bonds or Eurobonds (Hill, 2009) could be asserted to have strong support from the presence of IAS or IFRS in the countries where bonds are floated as companies seek cheaper sources of capital as finding the same outside each homo country   helps in minimization of cost of capital as an objective (Brigham and Houston, 2002).   The improved information in terms of comparability of financial reports across countries could just be easy to accept as many c ompanies pursue international business. Another advantage of using the IFRS is the belief that it   should also more cost effective for the accounting information compared with maintaining a separate and isolated set of Canadian accounting standards (KMPG Canada, 2007).   This could be the same reason for the move by the US to eventually adopt harmonization of its accounting standards with the IFRS since non-US companies, which want to list their stocks in the US stock exchanges, are required still to make translation of IFRS based financial statements into US GAAP based.   From the practical sense of view, it would be easy to see the added cost for companies making still translations in the same way that non-Canadian companies may be required to make the translation   when they go to Canadian stock exchanges. Another advantage of adoption is to make financial results more transparent and consistent for user globally, which will mean using more judgment and providing more disclosure in the short term (KMPG Canada, 2007).   For this reason,   persons involved in the public company financial reporting of Canada will have to   expect to pass under   a steep learning curve (KMPG Canada, 2007).   IFRS and Canadian GAAP compare in just few important lines   but since IFRS standards are comprehensive and principles-based, it is expected that its application would require greater use of professional judgment than Canadian GAAP.   The availability of more accounting policy choices under   IFRS would take companies longer time now to evaluate these choices for each organization and is expected to result in valuable outcomes in the long-term (KMPG Canada, 2007). 2.2 The impact of the IFRS adoption It is believed that the first and most obvious impact of IFRS adoption would be in the effect on the presentation of the financial position of an entity as set out in its financial statements   (Romano and Grewal, 2009).   Since IFRS represents a statement of principles that must be applied based on judgment and assumptions given the facts at hand, it is expected that many principles will change including possibly modifying the many rigid prohibitions or rules that have become part of Canadian GAAP over time   via either practice or prescription (Romano and Grewal, 2009).   To illustrate since IFRS allows for more fair value accounting policy choices, this would open to a greater degree of interpretation and professional judgment.   The new principles underlying the presentation of financial measures will change both the way in which things are measured and what is included in the measurement as wells timing of measurement and needed disclosure (Romano and Grewal, 2009). The impact of the adoption of the IFRS would be in the allowing greater freedom to exercise professional judgment on which will make the financial statements to have greater relevance that will enhance the usefulness of the accounting information.   It may be recalled that the qualitative characteristics of accounting include both reliability and relevance of the accounting information for decision-making (Meigs and Meigs, 1995). A financial information may therefore be too reliable as to approximate a high a degree of objectivity but may no longer be of significance to decision makers since the decision is already done. To illustrate,   a person buying a car   or any typical product may be interested to know what is the estimated cost of production for a car that he or she wants to buy for the buyer for comparing it with the actual price of the product. On the other hand, another buyer may not really know what is the actual cost but he or she has information that the production possess so much value that is it relevant and unique about the product being sold and could be used for commercial production. The second buyer may not have the actual objective cost of production for the product but he or she has a good and businesslike assessment of the situation because of familiarity of relevant information which can generates value and could make a reasonable estimate of the values of possible input cost of the product.   He is therefore more strategically positioned than the first buyer is.   Thus, relevance at this point may be more advantageous than having greater reliability of information.   Adoption of IFRS is however not expected to amount of total loss of reliability of information. The adoption of IFRS is criticized by the fact that it would provide too much management flexibility or the freedom of interpretation that may be adopted with the concurrence of the independent auditors, thus it would reduce the quality of financial reporting.   There is however, no strong evidence to believe that feared consequence of the adoption on these ground.   In fact, this feared consequence remains to be seen (Romano and Grewal, 2009).   On the hand, one great inducement of adoption is for greater international comparability due from a perspective of globalized-investment market place.   There is now movement towards the implementation of the adoption and there are now plans to effect a successful transition (Romano and Grewal, 2009). 2.3 Sample Partial Application of IAS or IFRS to Business about Fair value Accounting One sample interesting effect of adoption of IFRS is the eventual effect International Accounting Standard (IAS) 39.   It is asserted that IAS 39   is   partial application of fair value accounting since the said standard gives institutions the possibility of irrevocably applying fair value valuations to any financial instrument starting from the concept of â€Å"fair value option† (Enria, et al, 2004). It is argued that one fundamental building block of   developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB),   the present makers of standards under the IFRS based in UK, is to bring the financial statements up to day with market developments hence, a working group on the issue has proposed the use of Full Fair Value Accounting (FFVA) for all financial instruments.   (Enria, et al, 2004).   While adoption of the IFRS by Canada would not immediately result to adoption of fair value accounting, it will open the great possibility because as stated earlier, the use of international accounting standard would give more flexibility to company’s management and accounting professionals and fair value accounting is part of the IFRS. If it feared that FFVA could produce effects on financial stability of banks, the same arguments could be made applicable to the Canadian companies, which are just to co-exist with other international and global companies in the use of IFRS.   The analysis of authors found confirmation about concerns on the potential wider application of fair value in unduly increasing the volatility of banks’ balance sheets, which could reduce possibly ability of companies to react to adverse shocks.   The adoption of fair value could also result to the pro-cyclicality of the bank lending especially if the application of fair value happens simultaneously with other developments under a new accord.   Thus, one of possible consequence is for encouraging banks to react if values change by use of FFVA through panic selling and tightening lending standard (Enria, et al, 2004).   The effect could be far reaching as it could bring a possible financial crisis at the worst case possibly. From deeper tests, however, the researchers have found no significant impact on volatility by the introduction of FFVA standards for companies studied in the 1980s and 1990w.   However, they cautioned about the need to be interpret the result with caution for several reasons and call for further research citing as one reason the lack of clear-cut choice of the cut-off dates on which banks change from one accounting standard to the other (Enria, et al, 2004). 3. Conclusion To conclude, this researcher   believes that the adoption   by the Canadian Accounting Standard Board of IFRS for companies   concerned starting in 2011 will result to   more useful information that would make securities markets either more or less efficient than not adopting the said international; accounting standard.   The adoption, while could result to possibly losing some reliability,   is expected bring   greater relevance of the financial statements and increased comparability which would then it more useful for Canadian companies and the users of these information.   The possibility of losing some reliability may possibly be counter checked by user still requiring from these companies from which they would like to deal with the production of financial statements prepared under the present Canadian GAAP but they could run the risk of losing the benefit of a decision that would be based on relevant grounds.   The mere fact that CASB has announced the adoption should signal there the advantages could outweigh the disadvantages of IFRS adoption.

Paper Cranes :: Creative Writing Essays

Paper Cranes 1. From the Menninger Institute's seven criteria for emotional maturity: The capacity to find more satisfaction in giving than receiving. The capacity to relate to other people in a consistent manner with mutual satisfaction and helpfulness. The capacity to love. 2. In the opening scene of the film L.I.E., the main character, Howie, a fifteen-year-old boy with baggie jeans and hair that does a chipmunk tail flip at the top of his forehead, jumps up to stand on the railing of an overpass on the Long Island Expressway. Arms extended to the sides, he tightrope walks to the left. He stops, turns, and begins back. Then stops again and lifts one foot so he's balanced only on the tip of one sneaker, on a metal beam the width of a cassette tape. We, the audience, see him from behind: a thin figure in too-big clothes, car after car after car whizzing by beneath him, all oblivious to the boy who, with just the slightest sudden gust, could land, crumpled, on their roof. As you watch, all you want to do is wrap your arms around the boy and hug him to the ground, to safety, to chiding words about what could've happened, and keep on hugging him. And as you watch the rest of the movie, that feeling never leaves: Howie only seems more and more alone. You see th e already motherless Howie abandoned by his father, abandoned by the boy he'd thought was his best friend, bullied at school, until the only person left to listen to him at all is a middle-aged man who also happens to be a pedophile. At first I was outraged that the director portrayed this pedophile as the only person willing to put a supportive arm around Howie's shoulder. After all, aren't pedophiles scum? But then I realized that maybe that was the point. It's easy to judge. And it's easy to keep speeding home, aware only of the other metal boxes zooming along next to you in tenuous synchrony. 3. When I was little I got fevers. They were uncomfortable fevers that made it so all I could think about was feeling nauseous and anticipating the moment when I would feel well enough to eat the promised popsicle. But the worst part was at night, when I'd float somewhere in and out of consciousness: since I wasn't always sure if I was sleeping or not, I wasn't sure when I was dreaming or not, either.

Administer Medication to Individuals Essay

This governs the manufacture and supply of medicines. This requires that the local pharmacist or dispensing doctor is responsible for supplying medication. He or she can only do this on the receipt of a prescription from an authorised person e.g. a doctor. According to the law (The Medicines Act 1968) medicines can be given by a third party, e.g. a suitably trained care worker, to the person that they were intended for when this is strictly in accordance with the directions that the prescriber has given. The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and Amendments 1985, 2001 see more:handling medication This controls dangerous or otherwise harmful drugs designated as Controlled drugs. (CD) The main purpose of this act is to prevent the misuse of controlled drugs. Some CD’s are prescribed drugs used to treat severe pain. Some people abuse them by taking them when there is no clinical reason. The  purpose of the legislation impacts on care homes by requiring special arrangements for storage, administration, records and disposal. The misuse of drugs (Safe custody) Amendment Regulation 2007 This specifies how controlled drugs are stored and is referred to in the Standards for care homes. Controlled drugs must be kept in a Controlled drugs cabinet that complies with these regulations. The regulations specify the quality, construction, method of fixing and lock and key for the cupboard. The safer management of controlled drugs (2006) This specifies how controlled drugs are stored, administered and disposed of. Controlled drugs must be kept in a controlled drugs cabinet that complies with these regulations. Records must be made for all controlled drugs transactions. Care Home Regulations 2001 Regulation 13 states that a registered provider must make arrangements for the recording, handling, safekeeping, safe administration and disposal of medicines received into the care home. This applies to all medicines including controlled drugs. Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 To maintain safety for all in the workplace your employer must ensure that anyone administering medication has attended the appropriate training. The risks associated with the handling or administration of any medicine should be assessed for both staff and patients. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) The law requires employers to control exposure to hazardous substances for both employees and others who may be exposed and to ensure employees and properly informed, trained and supervised. Care Standards Act 2000 Regulates and inspects services used by people for care services, provides guidance and information. The Act, has a major impact on the quality of care provided to children and vulnerable adults, and could make the system of regulation and inspection of care in particular simpler, more transparent and navigable. All care including that provided by local authorities falls within the scope of the Act. Its key provisions are: * The creation of a National Care Standards Commission (NCSC) for England to undertake the  regulation of care. * The creation of a General Social Care Council (GSCC) for England and a Care Council for Wales to register social workers, regulate the training of the social care workforce and raise standards in social care through the production of codes of conduct and the maintained of a register of social care staff Access to Health Records Act 1990 The act defines who can see medical records. The individual can see his or her own records, but nobody else can except with the individuals permission. This includes next of kin and friends. Data Protection Act 1998 The Act applies to any organisation that keeps personal records on a computer to register as a data user and they must comply with specific regulations. They must be secure, allow the individual to have access to their records, record only relevant information, only be used for its stated purpose. Hazardous Waste Regulation 2005 Dispensed medication for individual service users either at home or in a care setting can be described as household waste or is covered by the Hazardous Waste Regulations 2005. These medications can be returned to the dispensing pharmacist for disposal. However, care situations that provide nursing care not covered by this legislation and must make their own arrangements for the disposal of unwanted medicine through a licensed waste management company. There should be a written policy in place which describes the local procedure for recording of unwanted medication to be returned to the pharmacist. All medication should be recorded and signed for by the receiving pharmacist and a copy kept by the organisation. National Minimum Standards * Standards 9.5 and 20.7 states that controlled drugs should be kept in a designated CD cupboard until staff are responsible for giving them to people. * Standards 9.7 and 20.9 Controlled drugs should be given by care workers who have been trained and designated to do so. Another trained and designated member of staff should witness this process. * Standards 9.8 and 20.11 care homes should keep additional records of receipt  administration and disposal of controlled drugs in a register. Working in line with your organisation’s policies and procedures enable you to work in line with best practice and the law (legislation). There must be a policy at your work place for the receipt, recording, storage, handling, administration and disposal of medicines. Check your policies and procedures file which should list the procedures relating to administration of medication with regards to your job role. 2.1 Common side effects from medicines All medicines can potentially cause side effects or adverse reactions and these can vary from person to person. Side effects may be minor or extreme enough to be life threatening. Common side effects include: rashes, stiffness, breathing difficulties, shaking, swelling, headaches, nausea, drowsiness, vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea, weight gain. Side effects can either present as one symptom or as a combination of symptoms. Staff must monitor all medication given and record and adverse reactions in the service users care/support plans. The service users GP must be contacted and the medication stopped until informed otherwise. All medication should come with a description leaflet, which lists possible side effects. These should be retained for future reference. If medication for service users come in MDS packs then the pharmacist should be contacted for information on all medication dispensed in this manner. Older people are particularly susceptible to reacting adversely to medication and are often already taking many different types of medication. Staff should be particularly vigilant with older people. Common adverse reaction symptoms in older people are: restlessness, falls, confusion, drowsiness, depression, constipation, incontinence, and Parkinson’s symptoms. Policies and procedures should be put in place locally, describing the steps to be followed in the event of an adverse reaction to a medicine, whether minor or life threatening. Read more:  Medication to Individuals Essay Common types of medication Types of medication Function Antibiotics To fight infection Analgesics To relieve  pain Anti-histamines To relieve allergy symptoms Antacids For digestion Anticoagulants To prevent blood clots Psychotropic medicines which interact with the nervous system Diuretics Used to get rid of excess fluid Laxatives To alleviate constipation Hormones E.g. steroids or insulin Cytotoxic medicines to treat some forms of cancer Medication Common side effects Hypnotics and sedatives –Temazepam and Nitrazepam Causes drowsiness in the morning Antibiotics such as Erythromycin and Amoxicillin Nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea and skin rashes. Analgesics Strong painkillers such as codeine and morphine Nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, confusion and constipation. Antidepressants such as Amitriptyline becoming sleepy and confused. 2.2 Some medication which demands the measurement of specific physiological measurements are as follow: Insulin (blood glucose testing) to ensure the blood glucose is not too high (which prevents healing and increases the risk of damage to the nerve endings among many other effects) or too low (could induce a loss of consciousness for example) and warfarin (a blood thinner) which requires the blood to be checked regularly to monitor how effective the drug is i.e. is it preventing the blood being too â€Å"thin† (which could cause an internal bleed) or under anti-coagulated leaving the patient at risk of blood clots. There is also Digoxin. The pulse should be recorded prior to administration of the drug. Also a test is used to monitor the concentration of the drug in the blood. The dose of digoxin prescribed may be adjusted depending on the level measured. A doctor may order one or more digoxin tests when a person begins treatment to determine if the initial dosage is within therapeutic range and then order it at regular intervals to ensure that the therapeutic level is maintained. Apart from the administration of insulin you may not be expected to have a full knowledge of the others above or to take out the clinical activities but there should be an awareness of the reasons for clinical monitoring and to ensure that these take place as directed by a clinician. 2.3 The individuals you work with may experience unwanted or adverse effects after the administration of medication and you need to recognise this and take action. Adverse effects could be: * Anaphylactic shock – occurs sometimes after the use of an antibiotic. * Swelling of body parts, skin changes, breathing difficulties etc. If you observe any adverse changes you need to follow the laid down procedures at your workplace which you need to write out to support your answer of the appropriate action to take. * Inform the manager and seek professional help immediately. * Observe the individual * Document all adverse reactions and action taken * Treat the symptoms following clinical advice. * Record the medicine and reaction in the care plan and MAR chart. * Inform the individual’s own doctor and the pharmacist as soon as possible. 2.4 Administration Route * Oral – by mouth, tablets and syrups * Aural – ear drops * Rectal – suppositories * Vaginal – tablets, creams * Sublingual – under tongue * Nasogastric – via a nasogastric tube * Buccal – between the lips and gums * Inhaled – into lungs via inhaler or nebuliser * Ocular/ophthalmic – eye drops * Nasal – sprays, drops * Topical – skin creams * Intra venous – directly or via a drip into a vein * Intramuscular – injection into muscle * Subcutaneous – injection into subcutaneous layer of skin * Transdermal – injection under top layer of skin, patches e.g. HRT * Peg – Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy – medicines are introduced via a PEG tube which has been inserted directly into the service users stomach. 3.1/2 Using a few of the different routes of administration highlight the materials or equipments involved. For example * A service user who has a severe chest condition may require a nebulizer. This devise pumps air through a mask/mouthpiece that contains the medicine in a chamber. The medicine is converted into a fine mist and the service user inhales the medicine. * Oral administration – spoon, pill pot, water, gloves * Topical administration – gloves to avoid cross contamination and potential harm to yourself. 5.3 An example of this would be what to do when you make an error in administration of medication. Anyone can make a mistake but it is important that you report the incident immediately to your manager to avoid any damage or deterioration to the health of the individual. Your workplace should have a policy in place of what to do when an error in administration has been made and why. Read and summarise. If you have administered medicine to an individual and they develop an adverse effect which you are not competent to handle you need to report following the procedures at your workplace. Medication errors happen, but you should report errors immediately. An error in the administration of a medicine can be at best inconvenient or at worst  fatal. Common medication errors include; – * Under administration * Over administration * Incorrect medication * Incorrect prescription * Non administration * Non recording * Administration of wrong medicine to wrong service user * Administration at wrong time. When any error in administering medication occurs, the local procedure must be followed immediately and should include the following steps:- * Report immediately to your line manager and follow directions given * Report immediately to the prescriber/GP/pharmacist and follow directions given * If serious error is made the service user may need hospital treatment * Document error fully All incidents should be fully investigated, the results documented and every possible action taken to prevent the mistake happening again. If serious negligence or an attempt to cover up the mistake is discovered, this should be treated as a disciplinary offence. Failure to record medication errors is a Registration Offence for qualified staff and should be reported to the NMC. The Care Commission and CQC also require to be notified of medication errors. 5.5 Even if an individual wishes to self administer their medication it is still necessary to maintain a record of their current medication as stated in the National minimum standards which states â€Å" The service user, following assessment as able to self administer medication, has a lockable space in which to store medication, to which suitably trained, designated care staff may have access with the service users permission† It is necessary to confirm that the individual actually takes the medication because you are required to complete the MAR (Medicines Administration record) accurately. If the individual passed the medication to another individual, that person  could become seriously ill as could the person who the medication was intended for. You are responsible for the administration and its accuracy and it is your duty of care to protect individuals from harm. 5.7 CONTROLLED DRUGS Special arrangements apply to the disposal of Controlled Drugs (CD’s) in care homes registered to provide nursing care in England and Wales: * If supplied for a named person: denature CDs using a kit designed for this purpose and then consign to a licensed waste disposal company * If supplied as a ‘stock’ for the care home (nursing) : an authorised person must witness the disposal. For all other social care settings, the CDs should be returned to the pharmacist or dispensing doctor who supplied them at the earliest opportunity for safe denaturing and disposal. When CDs are returned for disposal, a record of the return should be made in the CD record book. It is good practice to obtain a signature for receipt from the pharmacist or dispensing doctor. Handling non prescribed controlled drugs and their disposal Sometimes people bring illicit substances into care homes. The care setting should take advice from local police and if necessary the Serious and Organised Crime Agency concerning appropriate procedures for dealing with this. Homecare providers should devise policies and procedures in relation to service users using illicit drugs. This may include a requirement for care workers to vacate the premises if a service user is smoking, consuming or injecting illegal substances. Legal advice should be sought in situations where care workers may be at risk of aiding and abetting a service user to perform an illegal act. DISPOSAL OF MEDICINES All care settings should have a written policy for the safe disposal of surplus, unwanted or expired medicines. When care staff are responsible for the disposal, a complete record of medicines should be made The normal method for disposing of medicines should be by returning them to the supplier. The supplier can then ensure that these medicines are disposed of  in accordance with current waste regulations. In England, care homes (nursing) must not return medicines to a community pharmacist but use a licensed waste management company. Additional advice is provided by CQC in safe disposal of waste medicines from care homes (nursing). The situations when medicines might need to be disposed of include: * A person’s treatment has changed or is discontinued – the remaining supplies of it should be disposed of safely (with the persons consent) * A person transfers to another care service – they should take all of their medicines with them, unless they agree to dispose of any that are no longer needed * A person dies. The person’s medicines should be kept for seven days, in case the Coroner’s Office, Procurator Fiscal (in Scotland) or courts ask for them * The medicine reaches its expiry date. Some medicine expiry dates are shortened when the product has been opened and is in use, for example, eye drops. When applicable, this sis stated in the product information leaflet (PIL). All disposals of medicines must be clearly documented. Administer Medication To Individuals Essay The Medicines Act 1968. This governs the control of medicines for human and veterinary use which includes the manufacture and supply of medicines – the Act defines three categories of medicine:- 1. Prescription Only Medicines (POM) These are available only from the chemist /pharmacy if prescribed by GP. 2. Pharmacy Medicines Available from the pharmacy but without a prescriptions 3. General Sales List (GSL) Medicines which may be bought from any shop without a prescriptions. Human Medicines Regulations 2012 These Regulations set out a complex regime for the authorisation of medicinal products for human use, Manufacture, import, distribution, sale and supply of those products. For the labelling and advertising and for drug safety. See more:  Masters of Satire: John Dryden and Jonathan Swift Essay The Misuse Of Drugs Act 1971 This act creates three classes of controlled substances A, B, and C, and ranges of penalties for illegal or unlicensed possession and possession with the intent to supply are graded differently within each class. The lists of substances within each class can be amended by order so the Home Secretary can list new drugs and upgrade or downgrade or de-list previously controlled drugs with less of the bureaucracy and delay The Misuse of Drugs (Safe Custody) Regulations 2001. The Misuse of Drugs Act controls the export, import, supply and possession of dangerous or otherwise harmful drugs. In effect the Act largely renders unlawful all activities in the drugs controlled under the act except provided for under the regulations made under the Act. The drugs which are subject to the control of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 Health Act 2006 An Act to make provision of the prohibition of smoking in certain premises, places and vehicles and for amending the minimum age of persons to whom tobacco may be sold, to make provisions in relation to the prevention and control of health care associated infection, to make provisions in relation  to the management and use of controlled drugs, to make provision in relation to the management and use of controlled drugs, to make provision in relation to the supervision of certain dealings with medicinal products and the running of pharmacy premises and about orders under the Medicines Act 1968 and orders amending that Act under the Health Act 1999 Health and Social Care Act 2008 (2012) The main focus of the Health and Social Care Act 2008 was to create a new regulator whose aim and purpose was to provide registration and inspection of health and adult social care services together for the first time, with the aim of ensuring safety and quality of care for service users. The Care Quality Commission was established by statute, with enhanced powers to regulate primary care services, including hospitals, GP practices, Dental practices, Ambulance Services and Care Homes. These powers include failing registration, fines and even closing practices down which do not adhere to the Fundamental Standards in Quality and Safety. This cohesive approach has led to the CQC becoming one of the most powerful regulatory bodies in the UK. Read more: The Health and Social Care Act 2012 made minor changes to the 2008 Act, but for the purposes of Health and Adult Social Care professionals looking at the registration and inspection regime, this only amounted to terminological clarification, a strengthening of the relationship between the CQC and Monitor and the establishment of The Healthwatch England Committee as part of the CQC. In addition to this the following institutions have been abolished: The Office of the Health Professions Adjudicator, The National Information Governance Board for Health and Social Care, The National Patient Safety Agency and The NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. The Controlled Drugs (Supervision and management And Use) Regulations 2006 The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 divide controlled drugs (CDs) into five schedules corresponding to their theraputic usefulness and misuse potential. A Number of changes affecting the prescribing, record keeping and destruction of CDs have been introduced a s a result of amendments to the Misuse Of Drugs Regulations 2001. The Controlled Drugs (Supervision of Management and Use) Regulations 2006 came into effect on 1st January 2007. The Health and Safety at Work Act – The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is also referred to as JSWA, The HSW Act, The 1974 Act or  HASAWA. This is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in Great Britain. The Health and Safety Executive with local authorities (and other enforcing authorities) is responsible for enforcing the Act and a number of other Acts and Statutory Instruments relevant to the working environment. Essential Standards (Regulation 13) 2008.2010 – This is a very small part in Regulation 13 as in, The registered pewrson must have suitable arrangements in place for obtaining and acting in the best interest of the individual. Where they are able to give valid consent to the examination, care, treatment and support they receive. Understand and know how to change any decisions about examination, care, treatment as in medication and support that has been previously agreed, can be confident that their human rights are respected and taken into account accordance with the consent of service users in relation to the care and treatment provided for them. Data Protection Act 1998 – The Act’s definition of â€Å"personal data† covers any data that can be used to identify a living individual. Individuals can be identified by various means including their names and address, telephone number or email address. The Act applies only to data which is held or intended to be held on computers (equipment operating automatically in response to instructions given for that purpose) or held in a relevant filing system. Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 2002 The occupational use of nano materials is regulated under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) is the law that requires employers to control substances that are hazardous to health and includes nano materials. This covers controlled drugs as well The Environmental Protection Act 1990 & The Waste and Contaminated land Order 1997 – place a Duty Of Care on anyone who produces, collects, treats and disposes of waste. This includes feminine hygiene, clinical, sharps, medicines, dental wastes, confidential waste or other waste to be recycled. The main principles of duty of care are about documenting the transfer of waste and checking up on anyone you transfer waste to (e.g. if they are a registered carrier of waste, if they are taking waste to suitably licensed / permitted sites). You should only use a Contractor who can provide proof of compliance with the legislation. Hazardous Waste Regulations 2005 – The regulations replaced the special waste regulations 1996 in England and fully meet the requirements of the Hazardous Waste Directive. The regulations  remove the current need to pre-notify the Environment Agency before hazardous waste can be moved off site, and include a simpler method for tracking wastes once they have been moved. The include a new system to ensure that certain sites where hazardous waste is produced are notified to the Environment Agency. This will improve the whole regulation of the hazardous waste chain from source site to waste site. These regulations had previously amended certain clinical, medicinal and dental wastes they are now affected by the new Regulations as well as you must not mix hazardous with non-hazardous waste. Soft/hard Clinical waste, Sharps and pharmaceutical-sharpes This waste may be classed as hazardous, due to its infectious nature. The Department of Health has produced important new guidance in Safe Management of Healthcare waste. Offensive waste-Sanitary, Incontinence, red lidded sharps. Feminine hygiene, nappy and incontinence and fully discharged syringes are not classed as hazardous or special waste and do not require consignment notes. The Guideline policies and procedures in the Care Home I work in In my workplace, I have access Common Types of Medication Effects Potential Side Effects Analgesics. e.g. Paracetamol Analgesics are used to relieve pain such as headaches Addiction to these can happen if taken over a long period of time. Also, irritation of the stomach, liver damage and sleep disturbances as some analgesics contain caffeine. Antibiotics. e.g. Amoxicillin Antibiotics are used to treat infections that are caused by bacteria Diarrhoea, feeling sick and vomiting are the most common side effects. Some people get a fungal infection such as thrush after  treatment with antibiotics for a longer period of time.   More serious side-effects of antibiotics include kidney problems, blood disorders, increased sensitivity to the sun and deafness. However, these are rare. Antidepressants. e.g. Citalopram Antidepressants work by changing the chemical balance in the brain and that can in turn change the psychological state of the mind such as depression Common side effects include blurred vision, dizziness, drowsiness, increased appetite, nausea, restlessness, shaking or trembling and difficulty sleeping. Other side effects include, dry mouthy, constipation and sweating Anticoagulants. e.g. Warfarin Anticoagulants are used to prevent blood clotting A side effect common to all anticoagulants is the risk of excessive bleeding (Haemorrhages) This is because these medicines increase the time that it takes clots to form. If clots take too long to form, then you can experience excessive bleeding. Side effects may include passing blood in your urine or faeces, severe bruising, prolonged nosebleeds (Lasting longer than 10 Minutes) Blood in your vomit, coughing up blood unusual headaches, sudden sever back pain and difficulty breathing or chest pain. Some Side effects with warfarin include rashes, diarrhoea, nausea (Feeling sick) and vomiting Identify Medication Which Demands The Measurement of Specific Physiological Measurements Describe The Common Adverse Reactions To Medication, How Each Can Be Recognised And the Appropriate Action(s) Required Unexpected adverse reactions can happen for any drug potentially that an individual is taking. For example one individual I work a person may have an adverse reaction to penicillin, anaphylactic shock; the signs of this are the swelling of for example the lips or face, a skin rash and the individual may also have breathing difficulties. This is why it is important that all information about an individual is recorded in full in their care plan and on the MAR sheet. Other severe adverse reactions could include a fever and skin blistering; if adverse reactions are not treated they could fatal. These usually occur within an hour of the medications being administered. Sometimes adverse reactions can develop a few weeks after and may cause damage to the kidneys or liver. If a service user at my place of work happened to have an adverse reaction to a medication, I would notify the Nurse on duty and/or House Manager. It would be up to them to contact the local GP for advice, and if necessary to make arrangements to get the service user to hospital for treatment. Explain the Different Routes Of Medicine Administration Routes Of Administration Explanation Inhalation Inhalers and nebulisers are used for individuals who have respiratory conditions as these deliver the medication directly to the lungs. Conditions such as Asthma and COPD Oral This medication is taken via the mouth. This can be in the form of tablets and capsules. If am individual finds it difficult to swallow tablets oral medication is also available in liquids, suspensions and syrups. Sub lingual medications are for example when tablets are placed under the tongue to dissolve quickly Transdermal Transdermal medications come in the form of patches that are applied to the skin normally to the chest or upper arm. They work by allowing the medication to be released slowly and then absorbed. For example, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) patches and nicotine patches. Topical Topical medications come in the form of creams and gels and are applied directly to the skin surface usually to treat skin conditions. Instillation  Instillation medications come in the form of drops or ointments and can be instilled via the eyes, nose or ears. Drops can be used for ear or eye  infections. Nose sprays are used for treating for example hay fever. Intravenous Intravenous medication enters directly into the veins and absorbed quickly. This route can only be done by a doctor or trained nurse Rectal/Vaginal Rectal medications are absorbed very quickly. Suppositories are available and are given into the rectum. Pessaries are given into the vagina. Only after training can these medications be administered. Subcutaneous Subcutaneous medications are injected just beneath the skin i.e. insulin is administered in this way. Only after training can these medications be administered. Intramuscular Intramuscular medication is injected directly into the large muscles in the body, i.e. the legs or bottom. This route can only be done by a doctor or trained nurse. Administer medication to individuals Essay Current legislation, guidelines, policies and protocols relevant to administering medication are:- The Medicines Act 1968 – requires that local pharmacist or dispencing doctor is responsible for supplying medication. The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 – controls dangerous and harmful drugs, I.e. controlled drugs (CD’s) The Misuse of Drugs and the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2007 – specifies about handling, record keeping and storing controlled drugs correctly. The Safer Management of Controlled Drugs Regulations 2006 – specifies how controlled drugs are stored, administered and disposed of. Common types of medication include:- Medication Effects Side effects PareacetamolIt is commonly used for the relief of headaches and other minor aches and pains Mild to no side effects. Prolonged daily use increases the risk of upper gastrointestinal complications such as stomach bleedingOmeprazole suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+-ATPase in the gastric parietal cell. By acting specifically on the proton pump, omeprazole blocks the final step in acid production, thus reducing gastric acidity headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness, trouble awakening and sleep deprivation Levothyroxine Levothyroxine is approved to treat hypothyroidism and to suppress thyroid hormone release in the management of cancerous thyroid nodules and growth of goiterrs. See more:  First Poem for You Essay Levothyroxine may increase the effect of blood thinners such as warfarin. Therefore, monitoring of blood clotting is necessary, and a decrease in the dose of warfarin may be necessary. AsprinUsed to relive minor aches and pains such as headaches. It can be also used to thin the blood to reduce the possibility of a blood clots, heart attacks and strokes. Aspirin use has been shown to increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding2 Medication that demands the measurement of specific psychological measurements includes :Spironolactone – blood pressure Furosemide- blood  pressure Digoxin – blood pressure Warfarin – INR blood test 3 Common side effects to medication include: Side effects How can be recognised Actions required Weight gain Visual and my weighing Diet control Constipation Not being able to pass a bowel motion LaxitivesDrowsiness Person being very sleepy Rest until drowsiness wears off Rashes Visual appearance on the skin Stop medication and consult GP Vomiting Person is vomiting Consult GP DiahorreaPerson having loose bowlesSeek advice from GP Swelling Swelling of limbs face ectStop medication and consult GP Breathing difficulties Person finding in difficult to breath Ring 999 4 Different routes of medicine administration: Oral – tablets, capsules, liquids etc. These are swallowed by the person. Sublingually – tablets or liquids are administered under the tongue for speed of absorption. Inhalation administration – this is breathed in through the nose or mouth so its delivered straight into where it is most needed i.e. the lungs. Intramuscular (IM) injection administration – injected into large muscles onto the body e.g. legs, bottom. Can only be performed by a trained doctor or nurse.Intravenous (IV) injection administration – administered directly into the veins so it is rapidly absorbed into the body.Subcutaneous injection – medicine is injected directly under the skin, most common type of medicine injected in this way is insulin. Instillation administration – these can be a suspension or liquid and can be administered in a number of ways via ear nose or eyes. Rectal Administration – these are usually suppositories and are absorbed into the body quickly by this route. Vaginal administration – only really used to treat conditions in the vagina such as thrush Topical application administration – creams, ointments and gels are applied to the skin. Transdermal patch – this is applied the skin for slow absorption into the body. Explain the types, function and purpose of equipment and materials used when administering medication. Type Purpose and function Gloves They protect the skin and stops cross contamination Aprons They protect cloth and create a barrier which helps prevent cross contamination Sharps bin This is used for the safe disposal of needles etc. Needles These are available in an array of sizes so they are specific to the function and resident using them. They are used to inject insulin into diabetics Syringe These are available in different sizes and are used to obtain the correct amount on medication. Medication pots These are used to safely transport and hold the medication before being administered to the resident. Monitored dosage system (MDS) This is system pharmacists use to dispense medicines and must be used with accordance to the MAR record. inhalers You can also compliance aids such as Aerochambers to aid to inhale the medicine correctly. The required information on prescriptions and medications charts include: The name or names and address of the patient or patients. The name and quantity of the drug or device prescribed and the directions for use. The date of issue. Either rubber stamped, typed, or printed by hand or typeset, the name, address, and telephone number of the prescriber, his or her license classification, and his or her federal registry number, if a controlled substance is prescribed. Strength The time the medication should be administered. Outcome 4 In order to ensure I follow standards to prevent infection control I must make sure that I wash mu hands before and after each resident. You should always wear gloves if you run the risk of handling them inadvertently if they are cytotoxic. Medicines should always be stored in a clean and tidy environment. All medication a resident takes will be recorded on the MDS chart and all staff trained in administering medication will know how to record and understand the MAR charts. If resident B requests some pain relief you should always refer to the MDS chart to see what type of pain relief medication they are taking. It will also state how often they can have the medication and by what route the medication should be given. When preparing medication you should always refer to the MDS chart as it will tell you the exact time that the resident had their last pain relief. If it is ok to give the resident the medication then you should prepare the medication and then take it straight to the person. You should then immediately record the transaction onto the MDS chart either by signing it to say that the medicine has been taken or recording the reason for non-administration. This is done be a code described on the MDS chart. You have to obtain the residents consent before administering them their medication. They must know what the medication they are taking and have the right to refuse medication. The resident may ask what their medication is for and I must give them this information. If a resident is not capable of making an informed choice i.e. the resident has got a mental illness and it is essential that that resident has their medication then it may have to be administered covertly (hidden or disguised in food) this must only be done after discussion with a doctor. All medication for each individual resident will be stored in MDS and are clearly labelled so selecting to correct medication is easier. After selecting all the correct medication with accordance to the MDS chart you should then check you have the correct type and dosage against the MDS chart. If any medicines have to be prepared for example having 10mls of lactulose you should ensue you prepare the correct amount them double check the amount against the MDS chart. There are different routes for administering medication. You should always read the label of medication to ensure that are administering it in in the correct way. If you are giving insulin to a resident it is important to  alternate sites of injection, so you must look in their insulin record book to see which site was used for the last injection. You must also make sure that the site is clean before you inject. You must ensure that you give the correct medication at the correct dose by the correct route at the correct time with agreed support. You must always use the medication system in place at the home and make sure that medication is given as stated on the MDS charts. My doing this you will stay in line with legislation and the homes policies. There may be immediate problems when administering medication which have to be resolved and reported such as: Missed medication – the medication may have been missed as the resident was asleep, or because they go out regular social events. If they miss their medication on a regular occasion that you should talk to their GP or pharmacist to see if their medication regime can be changed so it is more suited therefore they do not miss medications. Spilt medication – this may occasionally happen you may knock over a resident dispersible aspirin, if this happens you should give them the last dose from the MDS blister pack and record to say why this is missing. A person decides not to take prescribed medication – you must find out why the person is choosing not to take their medication. You can explain the side effects if the person does not take their medication but you cannot force then to take it. You must inform their GP of their wishes not to take the medication. Wrong medication used – mistakes can happen in social care especially if poor systems are in place. If a medication error has been made you must follow the correct procedures. You must seek advice from a doctor to make sure the medication that has been given in error does not react with any other medication that the resident is taking. You must them fill out an incident report. Adverse reaction – these may occur when a resident takes any medicine. They may have been taking the medication for a short or long time before that reaction happens. It is important to document the reaction when it occurs and inform the doctor. All of the above must be reported to the senior member on shift and also recorded in their care notes. When administering medication you must monitor the resident throughout so you can observe if any adverse reaction are taking place. If any adverse reactions are taking place you must take the appropriate action depending on the type of reaction. This must then also be recorded in their care notes and their doctor will also have to be informed. It is necessary to confirm that the resident has taken their medication and does not pass it on to others as the medication if taken by another resident may be harmful to them. The resident if they have mental health issues may not realise that the medication is only for them to take and may believe them to be sweets. You must also ensure they take them so that you can sign the MDS chart or else you cannot correctly sing the chart as you are signing to say they have took the medication. You should only leave medication with a resident if a risk assessment has been carried out. All medication must be stored in a locked dry room. The room must not be above 25 °Ã¡ ¶Å" to ensure that they are stored within their product licences and their stability is maintained. The MDS chart must also be stored in a locked cupboard as all information about a resident medication is confidential. The drugs trolley’s whilst in use must be kept in good vision in order to maintain security. After each medication round the trolleys must be locked up in the locked cupboard at the senior member on shift should hold the keys to this room in order to maintain security. Any out-of-date and part used medication must be sent back in the correct way in accordance to your MDS. All medication must be counted and recorded on the medication returns record. You have to record which resident’s medication it is, what strength, the amount being returned and the reason for disposal. Two members of staff have to sign and count the medication being returned, the pharmacist then collects the medication and will return the receipt that the homes keeps to record that the medication has been returned.